Comparative study of TKPN test results based on gender among high school students in jambi province
Keywords:
TKPN, Physical fitness, Gender, High school students, Jambi Province
Abstract
Problems: Differences in physical fitness based on gender are often reported, but variations between schools as a contextual factor in learning readiness have not been empirically explored at the high school level. This study examines these differences by considering the influence of school institutions. Purpose: To analyze differences in the results of the Nusantara Student Fitness Test (TKPN) based on gender and inter-school variations among high school students in Jambi Province. Methods: A comparative quantitative study with a cross-sectional design using data from 85 students (35 male, 50 female) in three high schools. The TKPN components included flexibility, abdominal muscle endurance, leg-arm muscle endurance, and cardiovascular endurance. Statistical analysis used Welch's t-test and two-way ANOVA (gender × school). Results: There was no significant difference in PFT composite scores between males (10.68±1.39) and females (10.74±2.27) (p=0.879). The effect of gender on each component was also insignificant (p>0.05). However, a strong school effect was found on the composite score (F=18.07; p<0.001; ηp²=0.33), with the highest mean at SMAN 5 Kota Jambi (11.97±1.35). Conclusion: Differences in fitness based on gender in this sample were not significant, while variations between schools showed an important contextual influence. This study has limitations in its generalizability due to the limited sample size. The contribution of this study provides an empirical basis for the development of school-based fitness interventions. Suggestions for future research include expanding the sample size and investigating specific school factors such as the quality of facilities and physical education learning.
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References
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Pratiwi, A. D., Siantoro, G., Wibowo, S., Ridwan, M., & Schwerer, L. (2025). Physical activity motivation as predictors of body mass index and fitness: A cross-sectional study. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia, 21(2), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpji.v21i2.89854
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Waluyo, W. (2023). The Effect of low impact aerobic gymnastics on improving physical fitness in students. Jurnal SPORTIF : Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 9(2), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v9i2.19982
Welsman, J., & Armstrong, N. (2019). The 20 m shuttle run is not a valid test of cardiorespiratory fitness in boys aged 11–14 years. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 5(1), e000627. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000627
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Zhao, H., Wu, N., Haapala, E. A., & Gao, Y. (2024). Association between meeting 24-h movement guidelines and health in children and adolescents aged 5–17 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1351972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1351972
Zhou, X., Li, J., & Jiang, X. (2024). Effects of different types of exercise intensity on improving health-related physical fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 14301. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64830-x
Bauer, N., Sperlich, B., Holmberg, H.-C., & Engel, F. A. (2022). Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training in School on the Physical Performance and Health of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 8(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00437-8
Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J.-P., Chastin, S., Chou, R., Dempsey, P. C., DiPietro, L., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Friedenreich, C. M., Garcia, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., … Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1451–1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955
Delacre, M., Lakens, D., & Leys, C. (2017). Why Psychologists Should by Default Use Welch’s t-test Instead of Student’s t-test. International Review of Social Psychology, 30(1), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.82
Duncombe, S. L., Barker, A. R., Bond, B., Earle, R., Varley-Campbell, J., Vlachopoulos, D., Walker, J. L., Weston, K. L., & Stylianou, M. (2022). School-based high-intensity interval training programs in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0266427. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266427
Eddolls, W. T. B., McNarry, M. A., Stratton, G., Winn, C. O. N., & Mackintosh, K. A. (2017). High-Intensity Interval Training Interventions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 47(11), 2363–2374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0753-8
García-Hermoso, A., Ramírez-Campillo, R., & Izquierdo, M. (2019). Is Muscular Fitness Associated with Future Health Benefits in Children and Adolescents? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies. Sports Medicine, 49(7), 1079–1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01098-6
Guthold, R., Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. C. (2020). Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants. The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health, 4(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2
Huang, Z., Li, J., Liu, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2023). Effects of different exercise modalities and intensities on body composition in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 14, 1193223. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1193223
Keya, R. T., Widjaja, N. A., Noviyanti, T. R., Alexander, Y. Y., Iitdrie, I., Hermanto, E., Ardianah, E., Bahmid, M., Hanindita, M. H., & Irawan, R. (2025). PHYSICAL BEHAVIOURS IN ADOLESCENTS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO OVERWEIGHT/OBESITY. Media Gizi Indonesia, 20(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v20i1.12-20
Kornia, M. R., Suyoko, A., Pranoto, A., & Nugraha, D. P. (2025). The effect of interval training and push-up exercises on cardiorespiratory endurance and upper body strength in adolescents. Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 11(2), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v11i2.26379
Lakens, D. (2017). Equivalence Tests. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(4), 355–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617697177
Marques, A., Henriques-Neto, D., Peralta, M., Martins, J., Gomes, F., Popovic, S., Masanovic, B., Demetriou, Y., Schlund, A., & Ihle, A. (2021). Field-Based Health-Related Physical Fitness Tests in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 9, 640028. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.640028
Nugroho, A., Nugroho, P. S., Yudhana, A., & Sunarti, S. (2025). Low Economic Level and the Risk of Overweight Among Indonesian Junior and Senior High School Students. Kesmas Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal), 20(3), 222–229. https://doi.org/10.7454/kesmas.v20i3.2391
Oddo, V. M., Maehara, M., & Rah, J. H. (2019). Overweight in Indonesia: an observational study of trends and risk factors among adults and children. BMJ Open, 9(9), e031198. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031198
Pratiwi, A. D., Siantoro, G., Wibowo, S., Ridwan, M., & Schwerer, L. (2025). Physical activity motivation as predictors of body mass index and fitness: A cross-sectional study. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia, 21(2), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpji.v21i2.89854
Ricardo, L. I. C., Wendt, A., Costa, C. dos S., Mielke, G. I., Brazo-Sayavera, J., Khan, A., Kolbe-Alexander, T. L., & Crochemore-Silva, I. (2022). Gender inequalities in physical activity among adolescents from 64 Global South countries. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 11(4), 509–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2022.01.007
Tomkinson, G. R., Carver, K. D., Atkinson, F., Daniell, N. D., Lewis, L. K., Fitzgerald, J. S., Lang, J. J., & Ortega, F. B. (2018). European normative values for physical fitness in children and adolescents aged 9–17 years: results from 2 779 165 Eurofit performances representing 30 countries. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(22), 1445–1456. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098253
Tomkinson, G. R., Lang, J. J., Blanchard, J., Léger, L. A., & Tremblay, M. S. (2019). The 20-m Shuttle Run: Assessment and Interpretation of Data in Relation to Youth Aerobic Fitness and Health. Pediatric Exercise Science, 31(2), 152–163. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2018-0179
Tomkinson, G. R., Lang, J. J., Tremblay, M. S., Dale, M., LeBlanc, A. G., Belanger, K., Ortega, F. B., & Léger, L. (2017). International normative 20 m shuttle run values from 1 142 026 children and youth representing 50 countries. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(21), 1545–1554. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-095987
Utomo, S., Putro, K., Handayani, O. E. W. K., Ramadhania, R., & Baskoro, C. A. (2025). Hubungan aktivitas fisik dan kualitas tidur dengan kebugaran jasmani peserta didik sekolah menengah atas. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia, 21(2), 130–139. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpji.v21i2.89362
Waluyo, W. (2023). The Effect of low impact aerobic gymnastics on improving physical fitness in students. Jurnal SPORTIF : Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 9(2), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v9i2.19982
Welsman, J., & Armstrong, N. (2019). The 20 m shuttle run is not a valid test of cardiorespiratory fitness in boys aged 11–14 years. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 5(1), e000627. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000627
Yusuf, R. A., Mont, D. F., Lin, W.-H., & Chen, H.-J. (2021). Adolescents’ Physical Activity and the Association With Perceived Social Support of Parents and Peers in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 33(4), 388–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539521997255
Zhao, H., Wu, N., Haapala, E. A., & Gao, Y. (2024). Association between meeting 24-h movement guidelines and health in children and adolescents aged 5–17 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1351972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1351972
Zhou, X., Li, J., & Jiang, X. (2024). Effects of different types of exercise intensity on improving health-related physical fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 14301. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64830-x
Published
2026-01-20
How to Cite
Hidayah, K., Febriza, N., Arisyi, M., Lubis, H., Oktadinata, A., & Yuliawan, E. (2026). Comparative study of TKPN test results based on gender among high school students in jambi province. Jurnal Patriot, 7(4), 157-164. https://doi.org/10.24036/patriot.v7i4.1192
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